PGR Showcase - Poster Presentation Competition 2024
Please take the time to peruse the posters below, submit you questions for the live session at the showcase, and vote for your favourite!
Click on the posters for the full size PDF
Encapsulation of essential oils of rosemary, cinnamon, oregano, and thyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enhance their antimicrobial activity in selected foods.
Behnaz Azimzadeh
College of Health and Science
The biocompatible and biodegradable yeast cells can be exploited to microencapsulate a range of active compounds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the encapsulation of essential oils (EO) of rosemary, cinnamon, oregano, and thyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (SCC) and determine its application as an antimicrobial preservative in foods. In independent trials, the EO’s was encapsulated into untreated and autolyzed SCC and the physicochemical and morphological characteristic of the loaded cells were examined. Scanning electron imaging showed that encapsulation at 45 °C for 15minutes preserved viable, loaded cells with no evident cell damage. EO encapsulated in SCC was quantified using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. Findings revealed that approximately 0.64 mg, 0.83 mg, 0.77 mg, and 2.82 mg of thyme, cinnamon, oregano, and rosemary was encapsulated in every 50mg of SCC. Autolysis of the SCC had no significant effect on the concentration of encapsulated essential oil. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to identify bioactive compounds in the selected essential oils. The highest bioactive compounds in rosemary, cinnamon, in oregano, and in thyme were camphor, eugenol, carvacrol and thymol, respectively. This study has identified the optimum conditions for encapsulation of Eos, among the pretreatment methodologies explored, the autolysis method stands out for its ability to induce minimal damage to yeast cells while achieving a notably high encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, the encapsulation of essential oils within yeast cells has demonstrated promise as a viable carrier, effectively preserving their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, identification of bioactive compound encapsulated in the SCC and its application as an antimicrobial agent in food is ongoing.
Keywords: Essential oil, Yeast, Food safety, Food preservation
Behnaz Azimzadeh, Muiz O. Akinyemi, Bukola Onarinde
Raman spectroscopy as a novel non-invasive technique to assess wildlife welfare
Caitlin MacNeill
College of Health and Scienc
Chronic stress is a prominent issue for animal welfare because it can lead to long-term health issues. One method to assess animals long-term stress is to measure their hair cortisol concentrations (HCC). This non-invasive method gives an insight into the last few weeks to months of cortisol production. Current techniques to measure HCC include Immunoassays and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which is considered the gold standard in analysis. However, both of these methods have limitations. They are time-consuming, destructive, expensive, and LC-MS is impractical for field use. To combat these limitations, we propose using Raman spectroscopy as a rapid, cheaper, and non-destructive technique which also has in-situ applications, with the recent development of handheld devices. Raman works by irradiating the sample with a laser which causes molecular vibrations that scatter the light waves. The scattering is measured and produces spectra which are unique to specific molecules. Cortisol concentrations can be quantified by comparing the intensity of these spectra with known concentrations to create a calibration curve. Spectra from hair samples can be added to this calibration to determine the concentration of cortisol present within the hair matrix. These measures can then be validated by analysing the same hairs using LC-MS. Preliminary results have successfully created calibration curves of varying cortisol concentrations using both LC-MS and Raman. In future hair analysis using Raman, we expect overlapping signals from the hair matrix making it difficult to define cortisol concentrations using peak intensity alone. To minimise these effects, we intend to use multivariate analysis to remove all signals present that do not directly relate to cortisol. If successful, using Raman to monitor stress levels by hair analysis could greatly improve animal welfare by offering a rapid, in-situ detection method that may be applied to both wild and domesticated animals.
The Untold Story of Nomadic Education for Fulani Pastoralists in Northern Nigeria
Cecile Ogufere
College of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
An essential goal by most nation states in a World Conference held in 1990 in Jomtien, Thailand, and a vital tool for economic development (Imam, 2012). Nigeria has embraced this and developed a policy of providing universal basic education that includes the needs of its nomadic community. However, until recently literature has historically shown a postcolonial approach to the education needs of the masses, often excluding minority groups such as nomads that were in many respects represented as a ‘hard to reach’ group (Freire, 1970 and Dyer, 2014). For example, Carr-Hill and Peart found low school enrolment rates of pastoral nomads in a study of six East African countries (Carr-Hill & Peart, 2005). Indeed, past policies such as the ‘universal primary education’ in Nigeria, either excluded or fell short of the needs of the nomadic community. For instance, there are claims that prior education policies were designed to make nomads sedentary which is contrary to their way of life (Chatty, 2007). Other studies suggested that the English language of instruction provided Western influence that was frowned upon by the nomadic community (Akpan, 2015). Studies on nomadic education tend to be fragmented, offering ‘single stories’ instead of a wholistic picture. Research has yet to uncover other areas such as institutional challenges. Therefore, the thesis aims to offer a more complete representation of one nomadic group, that of the Fulani pastoralists and their relationship with education in northern Nigeria, uncovering various challenges and successes as a community. An indigenous methodological approach is taken, viewing emerging literature with postcolonial lens, while taking a communitarian and participatory approach when collecting primary data from focus groups of nomadic pastoralists. The outcome should contribute to improved policy making for their education.
Structure, functional and physicochemical properties of starch and protein from two runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) varieties
Folasade Akinwumi
College of Health and Science
The growing human population and the impact of animal protein consumption on carbon footprints has increased the demand for plant-based foods by health-conscious consumers and the food industry. Neglected and underutilised crops such as runner bean are considered future food security crops that could be used to deliver value-added ingredients in the food industry. The underutilisation of many pulses including runner bean may be associated with the difficulty in cooking, high level of antinutrients and limited research to unlock their potentials. Runner bean is a starchy grain that contains relatively high protein (18.93 – 23.80%) and appreciable amounts of glutamic acid when compared to other pulses.
The starch and protein in runner bean represent valuable ingredients for the UK food and drink industry. For example, the starch could be modified and used as a thickening agent, while the protein hydrolysate and peptide fractions may be potentially used as ingredients in the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals against high blood pressure and oxidative stress. To enhance the use of runner bean grown in Europe including the UK as a food and industrial crop, a knowledge of their major components such as starch and protein is important. Hence, the aim of this research is to determine the structure, functional and physicochemical properties of starch and protein from two runner bean varieties (scarlet and white) using established methods.
A preliminary study on the colour parameters (L*= Lightness, -a*= greenness, +b* = yellowness) of the runner bean variant showed significant differences in their L* values (white = 84.98; scarlet = 31.04). This may be associated with the differences in their grain coat colour. This study is expected to unravel the potential of runner bean protein and starch isolates for food and industrial applications.
Creative Limitations, Problem Solving And The Cinematographers Role In Tackling Climate Change
Jack Shelbourn
College of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
Film and television, through its history, has always been riddled with limitations. Be it the length of a film reel, the time the sun sets and the processing power of a CPU. As with many art forms, the artists behind film and television must make a choice. Allow these limitations to hamper creativity and bend to their will. Or find a way to use these limitations to enhance creativity and perhaps even make something better than originally intended.
There is no greater limitation that humanity currently faces than climate change. The need for society to embrace sustainable practices and change many of the habits and comforts we take for granted. To allow us to begin to limit the effects of climate change, let alone begin to reverse it. Will have an impact on the film and television industry just as much as anywhere else.
By its very nature film production is all about problem solving. The climate crisis is one major problem. Film should be at the forefront of the solution as the workforce are some of the best problem solvers around.
This paper will ask the question:
What limitations are required for a film production and its crew to have meaningful impact on climate change? And how can these limitations result in new and exciting ways to tell story and fuel creativity in the art and craft of cinematography?
Mucoadhesion ability of protein from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds, relative to milk casein and gelatine as well-recognized mucoadhesive biopolymers
Jiaxin Zuo
College of Health and Science
Mucoadhesive biopolymers such as of proteins and polysaccharides have been used in pharmaceutical industry in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in drugs, however, was not extensively studied in food. Salt reduction can be made possible in the food industry without compromising taste by prolonging retention time on the mucosa using the mucoadhesion mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate the mucoadhesive properties of lotus seed protein (LSP) alongside milk casein (CA) and gelatine (G). The ability of the biopolymers to interact with mucin was studied through mucin adsorption assay, turbidity increase during 6 h of interaction and viscosity increase (known as the ‘force of bioadhesion’). The interaction was studied at different biopolymer concentrations (2-10% for proteins, except for G which was studied at 1-5%, due to its high gelling capacity). Samples were also treated with thermal treatment (H, 85⁰C/30 min), ultrasounds (US, 50% amplitude at 40⁰C/30 min) or heating followed by ultrasounds (H+US) to study the impact of such treatments on the mucoadhesion ability of proteins. The mucin adsorption and interaction with proteins have shown a clear trend with a descending order of CA > G > LSP. CA and G have shown higher mucin adsorption capacity than LSP. Increasing LSP concentration showed a declining trend in mucoadhesion, unlike CA which showed no significant impact on protein content. The increase in G content to 3% showed the maximum adhesion, which was then declined with further increase in concentration to 5%. Intact or heat-treated gelatine had high ability to interact with mucin, unlike US or H+US, which reduced adhesion. Similarly, higher mucoadhesion has been shown by intact CA. On the other hand, LSP did not show considerable changes with any of the treatments. The above tests provided a basis for selecting the concentration of the mucoadhesive material and the treatment method, and laid the foundation for subsequent exploration of the composite material.
Strength and Conditioning Practices of National Hockey League Strength and Conditioning Coaches and Sport Scientists
John Odgers
College of Health and Science
The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth review of the current practices of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches and sport scientists in the NHL and evaluate the new technology, exercises, and training methods being used. A survey was emailed to all 32 NHL S&C coaches and sport scientists/performance directors covering six main areas: Personnel Information, Physical Testing, In-season, Off-Season, Program Design, and Technology. The response rate was 62.5% (20/32). Ninety-five percent of teams had a head S&C coach, 85% had an assistant S&C coach, 50% had a performance director and 50% had a sport scientist. The most frequently assessed fitness variables were body composition (100%), power (95%), strength (80%), and dry-land anaerobic capacity (70%). All teams reported using a periodization model in the off-season, while only half used such an approach in-season. The most common types of technology used were heart rate monitors (100%), force plates/jump mats (95%), bar velocity tracking units (80%), Local Positioning System/inertial measurement units (70%), and the 1080 sprint (55%). The results of show an expansion in the personnel of NHL performance departments and extensive testing protocols with a high reliance on technology. This study serves as an in-depth review of the current practices of S&C coaches in the NHL, the new technology being used, and the new training methods being employed. This data can help guide S&C coaches on what practices and technology are being used at the highest level in ice hockey and provide a possible source for new ideas.
Keywords: hockey, strength and conditioning, training, sport science
Pushing the limits of cell segmentation models for imaging mass cytometry
Kimberley Bird
College of Health and Science
Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) is a relatively new technique for imaging biological tissue at subcellular resolution. In recent years, learning-based segmentation methods have enabled precise quantification of cell type and morphology, but typically rely on large datasets with fully annotated ground truth (GT) labels. This paper explores the effects of imperfect labels on learning-based segmentation models and evaluates the generalisability of these models to different tissue types. Our results show that removing 50% of cell annotations from GT masks only reduces the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) score to 0.874 (from 0.889 achieved by a model trained on fully annotated GT masks). This implies that annotation time can in fact be reduced by at least half without detrimentally affecting performance. Furthermore, training our single-tissue model on imperfect labels only decreases DSC by 0.031 on an unseen tissue type compared to its multi-tissue counterpart, with negligible qualitative differences in segmentation. Additionally, bootstrapping the worst-performing model (with 5% of cell annotations) a total of ten times improves its original DSC score of 0.720 to 0.829. These findings imply that less time and work can be put into the process of producing comparable segmentation models; this includes eliminating the need for multiple IMC tissue types during training, whilst also providing the potential for models with very few labels to improve on themselves.
Drug Resistance Profile and Whole Genome Analysis of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Producing Bacteria in Poultry Settings: A Step Towards Management
Mona Abdelmaksoud
College of Health and Science
Hydrogen sulphide-producing microorganisms are common in the poultry industry. Exposure to the noxious H2S gas can irritate the respiratory system and eyes, even at low concentrations. In this study, environmental swabs, faecal, carcass, and feather samples were obtained from poultry processing facilities in the United Kingdom. From each sample, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate and Hektoen Enteric agars were used for selective isolation of H2S-producing bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of each isolate to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, streptomycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, pefloxacin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol was determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for disc concentration and result interpretation. The whole genome of all isolates was sequenced for molecular characterization and identification of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). A total of 28 H2S-producing bacteria were recovered and phylogenetic analysis identified 14% of the isolates as Salmonella enterica, while 32% and 54% belonged to Citrobacter (braakii and werkmanii) and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. All isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics except for one strain of S. enterica. Interestingly, one strain of C. braakii, P. mirabilis, and C. werkmanii showed resistance to 7 (AMP-CN-S-AZM-TE-CIP-PEF), 3 (S-TE-CIP), and 2 (AMP-CIP) antibiotics belonging to 5, 3, and 2 antibiotic classes, respectively. The genomes of these isolates contained 10, 6, and 33 ARGs, respectively. While this project is ongoing, our current data provides insight into potential intervention strategies and emphasises the need for monitoring H2S-producing microorganisms in poultry settings to ensure food quality and staff safety.
Exploring Young Peoples’ Life Skill Development and Transfer through Sport
Nicole Wells
College of Health and Science
Youth participation in sport has the potential to facilitate positive youth development (PYD). Life skills, a form of PYD, are defined as skills that individuals develop that allow them to be successful in the different environments in which they live. Although understanding has advanced for life skill development in young athletes and, to a lesser extent, life skills transfer, knowledge generated to date has focused on adults, and what they can and should do to facilitate youth development, rather than how young people experience this development and transfer. The aim of this PhD is to explore youth athletes’ lived experiences of life skills development and life skills transfer, and to include young peoples’ perspectives in the co-creation of a life skills intervention framework. An initial cross-sectional study was conducted to explore youth athletes’ perceptions of the life skills they currently have, and their wellbeing, enjoyment of, and engagement with sport. Findings suggested positive relationships between life skills and wellbeing, with wellbeing also a predictor of each of the eight life skills measured. Future studies will use a longitudinal approach to further explore the development and transfer process and involve working with young people as co-creators to design a youth-centred life skill development intervention framework.
Soft Robotic Gripper Enhances the Shelf Life of Harvested Blackberries
Philip Johnson
College of Health and Science
Soft robotic grippers are intrinsically delicate while grasping objects, and can rely on mechanical deformation to adapt to different shapes without explicit control. These
characteristics are particularly appealing for agriculture, where items of produce from the same crop can vary significantly in shape and size, and delicate harvesting is among the first
concerns for fruit quality. Various soft robotic grippers have been proposed for harvesting different produce types, however their employment in field testing has been extremely limited.
We have developed the first closed structure soft gripper for the harvest of blackberries. We adapted an existing gripper concept, initially testing it on a sensorised raspberry
physical twin. Then, followed grower-guided protocols to pick blackberries in farm polytunnels, and to evaluate the shelf life in comparison with berries picked by professional human
pickers. Our results with ten experimental varieties showed a picking success rate of 95.4% demonstrating the capability of a closed structure gripper to adapt mechanically to fruit-shape
variability. Moreover, a shelf life assessment on seven measured traits reported greatly improved shelf life of between 30 and 150%, across all traits for gripper harvested blackberries. Our
study demonstrates the potential of soft grippers for delicate fruit harvesting, and indicates how to increase the impact of robotics in agriculture.
Transit Depth Variations As A Method For Detecting Misaligned Exomoons
Roksana Kulengowska
College of Health and Science
The poster shows the ongoing progress of a master’s project investigating exomoons through transit analysis. The research employs mathematical equations and computational languages, specifically Python and MATLAB, to compute transit depths and identify variations. Additionally, the study integrates the radial velocity method to enhance the comprehensive analysis of exoplanetary systems.
The methodology involves comparing computed transits, utilising the detection method of transit depth, and using radial velocity to identify specific system characteristics. The research aims to discern potential indicators of misaligned exomoons by scrutinising variations within transits and radial velocity patterns. This multifaceted approach adds a valuable dimension to exomoon detection, contributing significantly to the broader research community’s understanding of celestial bodies beyond our solar system.
The poster highlights the significance of mathematical models and computational tools, emphasising the role of Python and MATLAB in analysing transits combined with radial velocity and other necessary detection methods. Integrating these computing languages strengthens the research’s foundation, enabling a more comprehensive exploration of potential exomoon signatures.
The poster presents the current progress and details the computational techniques employed; the poster positions this research at the forefront of exoplanetary science. The combination of transit depth, radial velocity, and advanced computational methods offers a promising avenue for uncovering new facets of our understanding of celestial bodies in distant solar systems, making a noteworthy contribution to the field.
Development of a method for the Detection of Microorganisms in Foods
Rose Yaa Amoah Mante
College of Health and Science
The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization’s 2011 report approximated one-third of global food production is wasted or lost during the journey from farm to table (FAO, 2011). Reducing food waste is one of the prominent goals in the current research, which the United Nations have also set to achieve a more sustainable world by 2030. Microbial contamination is a leading cause of food spoilage, with bacteria affecting high water-content foods and moulds/yeast impacting low water-content ones. Various detection methods, from sensory to sensitive techniques, are employed to identify spoilage, as factors influencing spoilage contribute to a shorter shelf life of food. Spoilage microorganisms are responsible for product spoilage and place an economic burden on the producers, processors, and retail store owners for product losses. Foodborne pathogen contamination in foods presents a serious challenge which may result in severe diseases such as food intoxication, toxicoinfection, and infection. According to Chen et al., (2019), a good rapid detection method should follow the “ASSURED” principles as proposed by the World Health Organization, namely “(1) Affordable, (2) Sensitive, (3) Specific, (4) User-friendly, (5) Rapid and Robust, (6) Equipment-free and (7) Deliverable to end-users”. Since the above-outlined methods do not fulfill all the “ASSURED” requirements, there is a need to develop a novel semi-quantitative detection method or technique capable of meeting these principles to enhance the rapid detection and quantification of microorganisms of interest in foods. Therefore, the objectives of this project are as outlined below.
1. Conduct a systematic review of the advances made in detecting microorganisms in foods and the detection factors that affect the growth and presence of microorganisms in food.
2. Identifying the target organism(s) of interest for developing a rapid semi-quantitative detection method.
3. Detection and quantification of microbial contaminants in food using molecular techniques.
4. Development of a novel rapid semi-quantitative technique for microbial contaminants in food.
5. Benchmark the detection method against existing detection methods.
An exploration of the relationship between the board chair and the executive leader in the English State education system; a literature review and next steps
Rosemary M. Hoyle
College of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
There is broad agreement across a number of sectors that the relationship between the board chair and the executive leader is important not only to the functioning of governance but to the success of organisations. In the education sector studies by James et al. (2010; 2012a; 2012b) and Connolly and James (2022) argue that the importance of this relationship makes it a subject worthy of further research. Enshrined in guidance in the Headteachers’ Standards, the Chairs’ Handbook and in a guidance document, produced by the National Governance Association and education unions, there is commitment from government and both sides of the relationship to effective, professional working practices – but what makes the relationship work?
A literature review was undertaken using an interdisciplinary approach, necessitated by the lack of educational research in the English state education sector. The review draws on work from the corporate, non-profit and health sectors where similar organisational and governance structures exist. All sectors noted the paucity of research in this area and the search process was iterative as a series of themes were explored such as the chair as a leadership role, understanding roles and responsibilities, shared values, trust, and the role of power in the relationship. The methodological approach to the next stage of this research project was informed by reviewing those selected in the key studies identified in the literature review. Finally, the next steps involved in the upcoming data collection are described.
Multimodal Flexible Strain Sensor for Perspective Soft Robots
Sylvester Ndidiamaka Nnadi
College of Health and Science
Medical and agricultural robots that interact with living tissue or pick fruit require tactile and flexible sensors to minimise or eliminate damage. Until recently, research has focused on the development of robots made of rigid materials, such as metal or plastic. Due to their complex configuration, poor spatial adaptability and low flexibility rigid robots are not fully applicable in some special environments such as limb rehabilitation, fragile objects gripping, human-machine interaction, and locomotion [1]. All these should be done in an accurate and safe manner for them to be useful. However, the design and manufacture of soft robot parts that interact with living tissue or fragile objects is as straightforward. Given that hyper-elasticity and conductivity are involved, conventional (subtractive) manufacturing can result in wasted material (which are expensive), incompatible parts due to different physical properties, and high costs. In this work, additive manufacturing (3D printing) is used to produce a conductive, flexible, composite flexible sensor. Its electrical response was tested based on various physical conditions. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to characterise its deformation and stress behaviour for optimisation to achieve functionality and durability.
Physicochemical properties of flour and protein isolate from neglected and underutilised legumes and their potential use
Taiwo Evelyn Faboya
College of Health and Science
The growing need for plant-based protein and growing awareness of the nutritional and health benefits of alternative protein sources have encouraged researchers and the food sector to explore unconventional sources of protein. Six neglected and underutilised legumes including the African yam bean, broad bean, climbing bean, dwarf French bean, runner bean, and sugar pea, were examined in this study. The legume with the highest protein content was chosen for protein extraction using the alkaline method, which was followed by the isoelectric precipitation method. The protein isolate’s yield, protein recovery, and functional characteristics were then examined. There was variation in the L*, a*, and b* values of the grain and flour. The flours showed lower a* values (0.28-5.83) and higher L* values (83.12-92.75), making them lighter and less reddish than the corresponding grains. The colour of the grain determines the colour of the legume flour and the resulting protein isolate. All six of the legumes flour that were examined are excellent sources of protein (18.45 -25.65%), but the broad bean had the highest percentage (25.65%). Broad bean also had more of the polar amino acids (13.95 g/100 g) when compared to other samples. The total Amino acid content was between 8.13 -9.71 g/100 g while the non -essential amino acid ranged between 9.37-13.95 g/100 g. Broad bean is high in protein and outperform other legumes investigated. Broad beans therefore provide the possibility to yield protein isolate for use in specialist foods.
Meaningful Child Participation in Peacebuilding: Exploring Participatory Mural Art in Jakarta’s Urban Neighbourhood
Vina Puspita
College of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
As an artist/researcher, my practice-based research explores participatory arts with young people in urban neighbourhoods in Jakarta to promote meaningful participation in peacebuilding. Focusing on the use of murals with children at risk of violence to express social and environmental issues, my study proposes a model of community-based participatory mural art that puts children at the centre, working alongside local leaders. The study explores the potential of public art to promote power-sharing and intergenerational collaboration while challenging the idea of children’s participation in public space in Jakarta, which has always been contested. The research project involves children who are part of the Children’s Forums at the urban village level. Within a series of mural projects, they work with different levels of government agencies and occupy different types of spaces. The study highlights the importance of child-friendly approaches, such as collaborative mural painting, in facilitating children’s participation in society and encouraging critical reflection on their conditions. It reveals the complex issues facing young people in urban Jakarta and demonstrates how art can be used as a tool for advocacy and for bringing local leaders and young people into dialogue. The results demonstrate that participatory murals amplify children’s voices and contribute to more meaningful participation by (1) decentring children’s positioning, (2) exercising meaning through making, (3) building understanding through collaboration and dialogue, and (4) stimulating waves of action.
This study is part of the international project Mobile Arts for Peace (MAP): Informing the National Curriculum and Youth Policy for Peacebuilding in Kyrgyzstan, Rwanda, Indonesia, and Nepal (2020-2024). MAP is a four-year international multidisciplinary project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF), with Professor Ananda Breed as Principal Investigator (PI).